Increasing Proportion Of The Elderly - 3087 Words

Abstract: Increasing proportion of the elderly population in the society has extensive effects on all components of the criminal justice system, including corrections. â€Å"Almost 500, 000 people age 50 and older are arrested every year in the United States.† (Aday, 2003). Ob-viously, an increasing number of older population that commit violent offenses in-creases the number of people entering prison. In 2006, of the 145, 416 prisoners housed in the Federal Bureau of Prisons, 16,066 or 11.0 percent, were 50 years of age and over (The Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2006). The issue of the imprisonment of the elderly inmates includes several important con-cerns. Specifically, the elderly prison population is creating a significant problem for their individualized assessment; housing and programing planning. In addition, such growing number of elderly inmates increases prison spendings on health-care and on monitoring to meet the needs of this diversified and growing group of offenders. In this regards, correctional administrators and other policymakers needed to respond effectively to the growing number of older inmates within American prison system. As one of the main actions proposed by some policymakers was the idea to release many el-derly offenders. Moreover, probation, which is an alternative to the incarceration for the elderly offenders can be considered as another method that can regulate situation in this sector. The rate of population aging inShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Ageing Population Essay979 Words   |  4 Pagesnutrition and improvement of medical facilities. Ageing population has entailed an increasing share of old persons in the population. However, longer life expectancy has resulted in the ageing of population and has caused worldwide concerns of the problems it may consequently arouse. The two major reasons of the ageing population trend are the rising longevity and the decline of fertility rate. If the proportion of elderly people continues to rise, not only will it have an impact on countries’ economiesRead MoreThe Population Of The United States900 Words   |  4 Pagesdistribution poses a colossal obstacle in terms of economic development in the long run, others maintain that it is a testament to the development of a society. Given that a high proportion of elderly citizens puts immense pressure on the working force and would be a burden on the healthcare syste m, I firmly believe that the ever-increasing population of elders predominantly brings negative effects. Regarding a dearth in the working population, an aging population significantly reduces the sizeRead MoreSocial Exclusion for Older People642 Words   |  3 Pagesfriends and family others experience isolation and exclusion. The process of ageing is taking place in an era in which the traditional systems that support elderly care have been transformed by the processes of modernization and globalization that do not correspond welfare systems. According to WHO (2001), by 2050 the number of people over age 60 (elderly) living in Africa will increase from 50 million to 200 million. This demographic shift, never before known will have profound implications for societyRead MorePopulation Report Of Tasmania. Introduction . Population1551 Words   |  7 Pages2016, Tasmania kept very low increasing rates of population with the bottom at 0.12% and the top at 1.16%, which is consistently under the average level of Australia. Though the population keeps increasing in Tasmania, the birth rate kept declining during the past few years. (.id, 2017) Table 1 from â€Å"Tasmania’s Population Challenge: 650,000 by 2050 BACKGROUND ISSUES PAPER† clearly shows the average population change over the last 20 years since 1993. Despite the increasing population, Tasmania experiencedRead MoreEuropes Aging Population : Europe1400 Words   |  6 Pagesfamily formation patterns and improvement in the roles of women in society. â€Å"For about 50 years in the later 20th century, the more developed countries could enjoy the new benefits of low dependency from children together with the relatively low proportion of pensioners. This is because the birth-rate had declined in most rich countries as early as the 1930s while small retired age-groups were inherited from an earlier period.† (Coleman, 2001, p. 3) During this time, in many countries across EuropeRead MoreHealth Care Access And The Elderly : Policies, Ethical And Legal Provisions Essay1485 Words   |  6 PagesHealth Care Access and the Elderly: Policies, Ethical and Legal Provisions Jacqueline Collins Capella University November 12, 2016 â€Æ' Health Care Access and the Elderly: Policies, Ethical and Legal Provisions The elderly population in the United States has been and is expected to increase due to the aging of the baby boomers’ generation. The percentage of the elderly in relation to the U.S. total population is approximately 14% (Novak, 2012). With the expected increment, the overall state ofRead MoreThe Development Of Australia And Japan1488 Words   |  6 Pagesvery different countries, in food, culture, location, population and many other aspects. But one of the things that brings these two very different countries together is the issue of an ageing population. It is estimated that, with a rapidly increasing elderly population, Japan is well on its way to lose about half its workforce by 2060, which would weaken its status as an economic superpower and weaken its economy to the point of ruin. Australia is also facing a similar ageing population crisis.Read MoreThe Ageing Population1068 Words   |  4 Pages like many countries, has ageing population, with an increasing proport ion of people in the older age groups and a declining proportion of children. Many impacts such as increase in the dependency ratio, increased government spending on health care and pensions, high taxes, shortage of workers, changing sectors within the economy, and higher savings for pensions may reduce capital investment can effect all societies. Since 1960, the proportion of the population under 15 years of age has declinedRead MoreThe Economic Problem of Population Ageing Essay1323 Words   |  6 Pagesof developed and developing countries in recent years have to face more serious aging impacts for economic progress. According to population prospects (2009), the whole world will accelerate the pace of ageing after 2010. More precisely, share of elderly people is 22% in rich countries and 8% in poorer countries, whereas these figures will rise to 33% and 20%, respectively. Why does aging become a problem? The U.S. Census study points out that the worldwide ageing of the populatio n is not the historyRead MoreBenefits Of Continuous Improvement Of Health Care System1399 Words   |  6 PagesAdvanced countries in North America and Europe already have a higher proportion of their population over the age of 65, and a large proportion of older people live alone. One concern is that they are expected to be isolated from our society. Recently, this phenomenon can be easily observed across many Asian countries including Korea, Japan, and China, which challenges policy makers in these countries how to take care for the increasing elderly population. Numerous scholars have empirically examined that

Steve Jobs The United States - 1349 Words

The term founding father is oftentimes portrayed in regards to those men in history who began the flawed yet irreplaceable nation we know today as the United States. In broader means, the term loosely refers to he innumerable men and women who created something out of nothing. They were and are the forerunners in any particular genre of business, technology, and all the other overlooked aspects that make up everyday life. In modern times of technology, Steve Jobs may not be perceived often for any particular significance as his lineage may now be ignored due to his recent departure. The brand that he founded, Apple, will go down in history as being a corporate giant in he field of electronic components. Even now, this essay is being constructed on a device possible primarily due to the original inventive genius that was Steve Jobs. Pressure to succeed whilst he was at the summit, lucidly, made it extremely difficult at times to remain a civilized human being or businessman. Ergo, man y see Jobs as a tyrannical dictator of a monopolistic corporation. Certainly, there are many supportive details buttressing the arguments of either conjecture. Correspondingly, an attempt to better understand the uncompromising alienation will ensue. Plausibly, the aforementioned will be done through a look at his initial despondent family life, questionable business ventures, and the undeniable legacy left by the influential story impacting entrepreneurs to this day. Familial strife professedlyShow MoreRelatedSteve Jobs At The United States877 Words   |  4 PagesSteve jobs born February 24th 1955 in San Francisco, soon adopted by Paul and carol jobs. Steve was never interested in school till the 5th grade, where he started taking electronics class, his electronics teacher said he was â€Å"something of a loner† and â€Å"he always had a different way at looking at things† After school Jobs attended class at Hewlett Packard electronics firm, now called HP in Palo Alto, where he was a summer intern. Another intern at HP was Steven Wozniak aka â€Å"Woz†. Woz was a recentRead MoreEstablishing a popular culture or becoming a celebrity has been a desire of many. The rewards in1200 Words   |  5 Pagesbeen told by many people, numerous times. The first iPhone that was shown off by Steve Jobs back in 2007 during the annual Macworld convention was a barely working prototype (Sorensen). In reality, this device was so buggy and glitch-prone that Apple’s engineers did not believe Steve could make it through his onstage demonstration without suffering an embarrassing crash (Sorensen). The demonstration iPhone that Steve carried in his pocket was almost incapable of holding a wireless signal to the extentRead MoreSteve Wozniak : The Best Computer Brains From All Over The Country847 Words   |  4 Pagesof the product or service they are seeking to exploit, but they recognize it’s potential. In the case of Apple, Steve Wozniak was the creator of the products, but Steve Jobs was the entrepreneur who saw its potential. In 1976, Stanford University, Palo Alto’s internationally renowned education and research center, was the meeting place of group of called the Computer Homebrew Club. Steve Wozniak was a leading member of this club. Not far away, there was something potentially even more: the Xerox PaloRead MoreSteve Jobs, An American Engineer And Entrepreneur853 Words   |  4 PagesSteve Jobs Steve Jobs, an American engineer and entrepreneur, co-founder and executive director of Apple Company, was born on February 24, 1955 in the town of Mountain View, California. He spent his childhood and youth in the family of the adoptive parents Paul and Clara Jobs. His biological parents – a Syrian immigrant Abdulfattah Jandali and an American student Joanne Carole Schieble – let to adopt the newborn baby. The main condition for adoption was the promise of the adoptive parents to provideRead MoreSteve Jobs And The World1518 Words   |  7 PagesSteve Jobs Steve Jobs does that ring a bell well it should, as he is the reason for most of the gadgets in your pocket and hands. Steve Jobs is the founder and was the CEO of Apple. With out him most of you would have no iPads,iPhones,iPods and iOS or you could be a Samsung person.Steve has revolutionized technology and Communion throughout the world. His importance To me is that with out him I would not be typing and my normal days would be extremely different. Those are the reasons why heRead MoreSteve Wozniak : The Founder Of Apple1223 Words   |  5 Pages Steve Wozniak is know in the business world, for having one of the best creation, successful technology based companies. He is the co-founder of Apple computers joined with his best friend Steve Jobs. Steve Wozniak developed the hardware design and operating system for the very first Apple computer available for commercial sale. His wonderful engineering and business features resulted in the very well known worldwide computer phe nomenon Apple. Yet fellow consumers knew much about WozniakRead MoreSteve Wozniak was the Brains Behind Apple Essay524 Words   |  3 PagesSteve Wozniak was the main designer on the Apple I and Apple II computers and worked together with his best friend Steve Jobs and incorporated others into the group development as well. Wozniak was known as the brains where Jobs was known as the business factor. When Stephen Gary Wozniak was born on August 11, 1950 in San Jose, California, the world had begun to technologically change. Wozniak tended to be a very curious child and his father always managed to inspire his curiosity for learning byRead MorePromise of Money Essay740 Words   |  3 PagesThe United States economy is rapidly growing since 2010. According to Bloomberg Business News, employments’ rate has risen recently. However, well-paid jobs require some minimum college degree as a credential. As a result, many students continue to pursue higher education. Going to colleges become a popular trend in a modern world. Although many people go to college for various purposes; but in my view, their purposes of going to college are a way to get out of the poverty line and to gain advantagesRead MoreBarack Obama s Impact On The United States1484 Words   |  6 Pagesreaffirm that fundamental truth, that out of many, we are one ; that while we breath, we hope†¦Ã¢â‚¬  ~ Barack Obama (Barack Obama Working to Make a DIfference) The United States of America not only had to seek out the criminals and then rebuild its security on the homefront from the terrorists attack on September 11, 2001, but the United States embraced equality by making Barack Obama President in 2008.. Along with the troubles America faced in the 2000 s, there were also occasions of excitement as AppleRead MoreFrederick Douglass Essay766 Words   |  4 Pagesaction of reforming is not easy to do for yourself, let alone for a whole nation of people. While many revolutions have tried, onl y a few have successfully reformed the people around them. Such innovators include Frederick Douglas, Charles Darwin and Steve Jobs. Frederick Douglass was one of the revolutionists that reformed the world while also going through hardships. In 1818, Frederick Douglass was born a slave in Maryland. Douglass learned how to read and write, which at the time was extremely uncommon

Optical fiber free essay sample

A type of inside cable designed for horizontal use in non-plenum areas. While horizontal cable must be fire retardant, the National Electrical Code (NEC) specifications are not as demanding as those governing the use of plenum cable or riser cable. See also NEC, plenum, plenum cable, and riser cable. 2. Backbone Cable : Backbone cabling is the inter-building and intra-building cable connections in structured cabling between entrance facilities, equipment rooms and telecommunications closets. Backbone cabling consists of the transmission media, main and intermediate cross-connects and terminations at these locations. This system is mostly used in data centers. 3. Patch Cords: a short cord with a plug at each end, or a plug at one end and a pair of clips at the other, used for temporarily connecting two pieces of equipment or signal paths. 4. Connectors: A device for holding two parts of an electrical conductor in contact. 5. Conduit: A tube or duct for enclosing electric wires or cable. 6. Racks: A computer rack (commonly called a rack) is a metal frame used to hold various hardware devices such as servers, hard disk drives, modems and other electronic equipment. Some may refer to a rack as LAN or network furniture as resembles a shelving structure where components can be attached vertically, stacked on top of one another. A computer rack can also be called a relay rack or open rack. 7. Punch-Down Blocks: is a type of electrical connection often used in telephony. It is named because the solid copper wires are punched down into short open-ended slots which are a type of insulation-displacement connectors. These slots, usually cut crosswise (not lengthwise) across an insulating plastic bar, contain two sharp metal blades which cut through the wires insulation as it is punched down. These blades hold the wire in position and make the electrical contact with the wire as well. 8. Consolidation Points: an optional device for interconnecting horizontal cables between the Horizontal Cross-Connect and the Telecommunications Outlet or MUTOA within a structured cabling system. 9. Crimpers: A tool used to crimp, to join two pieces of metal 10. Fish Tape : a flat tempered spring-steel tape or wire used in pulling electric wire and cables (as into conduit runs) —called also snake wire 11. Continuity Tester: is an item of electrical test equipment used to determine if an electrical path can be established between two points;[1] that is if an electrical circuit can be made. The circuit under test is completely de-energized prior to connecting the apparatus 12. Category 5e/6 Cable : cabling is used as a cabling infrastructure for 10BASE-T (Ethernet), full duplex 100BASE-TX (Fast Ethernet) and 1000BASE-T (Gigabit Ethernet, or GbE) networks. The Cat 5e standard provides performance of up to 100 MHz and can be used up to a maximum length of 100 meters. 13. Binder Groups: A group of wire pairs bound together, usually by some sort of color-coded plastic tape or thread. In a large twisted pair cable, there may be many pairs combined into binder groups of 25 pairs for ease of connectivity management. Each pair within a binder group is uniquely color-coded for further ease of management. See also cable and wire. 14. Hybrid/Composite Cable : composite cable A communications cable having both optical and metallic signal-carrying components. Note 1: A cable having optical fiber(s) and a metallic component, e. g. , a metallic twisted pair, used solely for conduction of electric power to repeaters, does qualify as a composite cable. Note 2: A cable having optical fiber(s) , plus a metallic strength member or armor, does not qualify as a composite cable. Hybrid †¢An optical communications cable having two or more different types of optical fibers, e. g. , single-mode and multimode fibers. 15. Pulling Cable : The act of pulling the wires, as of a puppet; hence, secret influence or management, especially in politics; intrigue 6. Wavelengths of Light: The length of a single cycle of a wave, usually measured from crest-to-crest. For electromagnetic waves 17. EMI : is the disruption of operation of an electronic device when it is in the vicinity of an electromagnetic field (EM field) in the radio frequency (RF) spectrum that is caused by another electronic device. 18. Optical-Fiber Strand : Is this referring to the actual p ure glass on the middle of the fiber 19. Index of Refraction : the ratio of the velocity of light in a vacuum to that in a medium. 0. wordnetweb. princeton. edu/perl/webwn 21. Cable Jacket : The outer protective coating which covers the core of the cable.. 22. Cladding Size : A metal coating bonded onto another metal under high pressure and temperature. 23. Multifiber Cables : Fiber optic Cable bearing many fibers independently sheathed and capable of carrying unrelated signals. They often surround a central strength member, and can be either loose- or tight-buffered. One standard configuration is a 12-fiber cable. 24. Differential Mode Delay: 25. In an optical fiber, the variation in propagation delay that occurs because of the different group velocities of different modes. Synonym multimode group delay. 26. Chromatic Dispersion : In optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency,[1] or alternatively when the group velocity depends on the frequency. Media having such a property are termed dispersive media. Dispersion is sometimes called chromatic dispersion to emphasize its wavelength-dependent nature, or group-velocity dispersion (GVD) to emphasize the role of the group velocity

Macdonald Triad free essay sample

| | MacDonald Triad Brian Perry – G00059466 CJ416 Victimology 04 OCT 2010 Abstract The Macdonald triad, also known as the triad of sociopathy is a set of three behavioral characteristics which are associated with sociopathic behavior. How are all these tied into each other? What are some of the characteristics that are associated with the Macdonald Triad? The Macdonald triad is a set of three behavioral characteristics which are associated with sociopathic behavior. These behavioral characteristics are found in the childhood histories of individuals with sociopathic behaviors. We will write a custom essay sample on Macdonald Triad or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We will examine each one of these that is associated with the Macdonald Triad. The Macdonald triad is a set of three behavioral characteristics which are associated with sociopathic behavior. It was first identified by a forensic psychiatrist, John Marshall Macdonald, in his 1963 paper in the American Journal of Psychiatry titled The Threat to Kill. These behavioral characteristics are found in the childhood histories of individuals with sociopathic behaviors. The following are the three classic signs of the Macdonald Triad: Animal Cruelty, Enuresis (more commonly referred to as bed wetting) and fire setting or arson. Although some children display sociopathic behavior such as being more aggressive, being more manipulative, expressing little or no remorse, and feeling no guilt cannot be an indicator for the Macdonald Triad. It has long been held that the presence of the triad in children and adolescents is predictive of later interpersonal violence. This pattern is seen as creating hurt because of hurt and or where the victim becomes the victimizer. In fact it can be the opposite. As kids develop they tend to be less likely to deal with the stressors of everyday life. Many children and teenagers set fires or harm animals for many reasons such as boredom, imitation of adult punishment of household pets, trying to establish the tough guy identity, or even feelings of frustration. It is thus difficult to know whether these variables are in fact relevant to serial murder mindset and, if so, how precisely they matter. Even any youth or teenager who exhibits this type of manifested behavior is not guaranteed to morph into a serial killer or a killer at all. One of the characteristics of the Macdonald Triad is Cruelty to animals. Felthous and Kellert conducted a study of 102 men currently serving time for committing aggressive crimes occurred more often than those of non violent criminals. They identified 9 motivations of childhood abuse to animals. They are the following: 1) To control the animal, 2) To retaliate against the animal, 3) To satisfy a prejudice of a particular breed, 4) To express aggressions, 5) To enhance aggressiveness, 6) To shock people for amusement, 7) To retaliate against another person, 8) Displacement of hostility towards another person and 9) Non specific Sadism. It has been documented that Elana Gill (1994) that children who are mentally or sexually abused tend to mimic their mistreatment towards animals. It is believed that without proper intervention, children may have the tendency to commit more aggressive behaviors leading to more serious crimes. The second characteristic of the Macdonald Triad is Enuresis or common bed wetting. Enuresis is an unconscious, involuntary, and nonviolent act and therefore linking it to violent crime is more problematic than doing so with animal cruelty or fire setting. Children who exhibit bed wetting may be a sign or trigger from physical, sexual or emotional abuse during early childhood. Many children begin bedwetting around the age of 5 but eventually grow out of it by the time they hit puberty or enter into their teenage years. But some studies have indicated that children who are consistently teased about it have more of a tendency to become more violent towards animals and even move towards arson as a means to enact retribution. But most children who are bed wetter’s can be put on a low dose of an antidepressant that will eventually allow them to grow out of it. This characteristic cannot be considered a strong indicator to later behavioral issues turning into violent crimes. The third and final characteristic of the Macdonald Traid is fire setting or arson. More commonly referred to as pyromania. Fire setting is more referred to in relation to young kids, and the term arson tends to be attributed to adult behavior. Many Juvenile fire starters more commonly exhibit anxieties to social situations, depression, and rejection of affection from parents or close relationships. It has been found that most children will set fires in an effort to gain attention, much like a firefighter will set a fire to gain notoriety to act out a hero fantasy. Some children just have a fascination with fire. Not in a manner that is intended to cause harm but out of innocent curiosity. In summary, I can see both sides of the Macdonald Triad, but in reading various sites and reading in the text book, I see that the strengths of the argument but really see no correlation between the bedwetting, cruelty to animals or arson. My son has the bedwetting issue but he has not demonstrated any violent tendencies towards animal cruelty. Yes he has played with matches at an earlier age but hasn’t done so since being disciplined. He doesn’t display any violent habits or behavior towards his younger siblings. References cited: Serial Murderers and Their Victims. (E W Hickey) Fifth Edition, Chapter 4: Social Construction Of Serial Murder, The Macdonald Triad Pages 96-105 http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Macdonald_triad

Video Game Console Essays

Video Game Console Essays Video Game Console Essay Video Game Console Essay The Xbox 360 is the second video game console produced by Microsoft, and the successor to the Xbox. The Xbox 360 competes with Sonys PlayStation 3 and Nintendos Wii as part of the seventh generation of video game consoles. We plan to launch a high-quality, it is slimmer than the previous Xbox 360 model and features integrated 802. 11 b/g/n Wi-Fi, TOSLINK S/PDIF optical audio output, a 250 GB hard drive, 5 USB 2. 0 ports (compared to the 3 from older versions) and a special AUX port. The overall goal of xbox 360 marketing program is to create enhanced public awareness through a comprehensive marketing campaign. we would like to see a 15 percent increase in the segment market of brand awareness. The Xbox 360 is very user friendly,convenience with Wi-Fi Connection, good customer services and advices, free download video game trailers. Additonal, We are planning to provide a prefect customer services system. Building brand awareness among affluent consumers. Using low price to penetration in the market segmentation. Also We will use pull strategy to capture potential consumer and use push strategy to reach with good relationship with each media channel. Internal situation Our company mission is reach a brand awarness of 60% up to 75% in the cosumer market. We will build up a good communication with our partner, using promtion discount offer to wholesaler and retailer, we will provide more information of our new products to them. External situation When economic recovery, it will make people have more purchase power to buy their needs. Highly income will make people to increae their enterainment with standard of living. Xbox360 compete with others manufacture such as PS3, Wii in the segment market. SWOT Analysis of Xbox360 Xbox360 is very powerful strengths such as Kinect (originally known by the code name Project Natal)is a controller-free gaming and entertainment experience for the Xbox 360 video game platform. The users to control and interact with the Xbox 360 without the need to touch a game controller through a natural user interface using gestures, spoken commands or presented objects and images. The project is aimed at broadening the Xbox 360s audience beyond its typical gamer base. The Xbox360 is using HD Technology which makes a beautiful image and with visual expression. The powerful of Xbo360 is easily compat wiht previous Xbox games, it makes convenience who wants to play a previous games. Our pice is lower than PS3, Launch of Xbox 360 250 GB $299. 99 and The price of PS3 each unit cost around $400 to manufacture by August 2009 with 160GB. Our Weakness is the lack of Microsoft Xbox 360 Strength: Integration of next generation DVD players i. e. HD technology Backward compatibility with previous Xbox games Online product – the first of its kind Lower price than most comparable competitor PS3 The new product of kinect Weakness: Expensive hardware and games Production flows Direct competition with Nintendo because of equally large customer base Opportunity Penetration of new markets in ME Penetration of untouched markets by means of bundling Partnership with Hollywood studios Threat Lower cost competitor i. . Nintendo Anti trust issues in Europe Hardware complication Competition Sony Play Station 3 Strength: Integration of next generation DVD players Backward compatibility with previous PS2 Mostly Free Online product Recent decline in profits Weakness: Expensive hardware and games Opportunity Great product lunch covering global spectrum. Penetration of new markets in ME Penetration of untouched markets by means of bundling Partnership with Hollywood studios Threat Lower cost competitor i. e. Nintendo Delays in production Constant strategy change Nintendo Wii Strength: Uniqueness of hardware motion detection Low cost hardware and software Intuitive usage Weakness: Joystick liability Limited selection of software Opportunity Penetration of new markets in ME / Europe / Asia Marketing to novice gamers including seni ors and adults Threat Loss of potential customer because of lack of software selection and sophistication of games. Software developers abandon game development because of lack of adequate profits.

Imagination and Noble Obsessions in Guiseppe Tornatores Fil essays

Imagination and Noble Obsessions in Guiseppe Tornatores Fil essays Imagination is the ally of Guiseppe Tornatores characters as they come of age in Cinema Paradiso and Malena. Both stories are told as flashbacks, situated in Sicily. Cinema Paradiso is the local theatre where Salvatore, whose father is presumed the have been killed in battle, escapes into. We find in the projection booth Alfredo, who learns to love Toto as his son. And indeed, the boy considers the old man his father as he makes the booth his home away from his indifferent home and the movies his mother. They teach him about people and life beyond the small town of Giancolo whose ways we become familiar with inside the theatre as they make movies their momentary redemption. The story takes place in the wake of World War II and the times hardship and poverty are shown. We come to understand in Toto that the power of the screen can compensate for a deprived life and aide the imagination not only to create dreams but to believe in them as well. But the theatre, as the whole town, lives under the reverberating bell of the Church (the theatre is actually the Church-converted, after all!). The priest censors the films with a bell that is rung at every kiss, whereupon Alfredo stops and snips the offending footage and tosses it into a pile of lifeless celluloid. Humor is evident throughout the film especially in the village-folk but is never allowed to take over entirely. The musical score maintains a nostalgic, bitter-sweet tone that outlines the films mood. But the film begins in earnest as Alfredo is blinded in a fire that destroys the cinema and it is left to Toto to take over the village projectionist when the newly built cinema is opened. His love of cinema matures as he grows up. He shoots a documentary and, inevitably, falls in love. But the dreams the movies have helped create and Alfredo urge him to leave and keep moving forward, never to return. He keeps his promise for 3...

Impact do business and economic decisions have on society Essay

Impact do business and economic decisions have on society - Essay Example One of the major impacts of the shift from a State based system to a market based economy has been the emergence of large scale unemployment. The Central and East European countries made the dramatic transition to market based systems in the 1990s. During the first phase of the transition in economy, they were able to achieve macroeconomic stabilization but there was also a decline in employment, but there was a rise in unemployment.(Ham et al, 1993). The State based systems absorbed unproductive labour, however with privatization and the drive for profits that characterizes a market based system, the result has been double digit figures of unemployment. Unemployment can be detrimental to a society’s welfare, since a long duration of unemployment not only produces higher levels of human suffering but may also impair the long term efficiency of the economy by reducing the capacity of those who are unemployed to ultimately reintegrate themselves back into gainful employment, thereby making them burdens upon the State.(Ham et al, 1993). Unemployment rates in the Czech Republic were lower than the rates for any of the Central and east European countries, while other Slovakia, Bulgaria, Hungary and Poland have experienced much higher rates. This may be the result of much larger inflows and smaller outflows in Slovakia, or alternatively, differential allocation of resources among various districts, each of which is a fairly closed labor market (Ham et al, 1993). However, the transition in economy often causes suffering to the people due to the difficulties in sustaining and guaranteeing employment within a competitive framework. Different economies may therefore respond differently to the shift from State controlled to a market based economy, however in general it tends to produce unemployment which can produce a detrimental impact if unemployment is prolonged and individuals are unable to adjust into the requirements of the new economy. The emergence of

CRM Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

CRM - Essay Example Threading also reduces visual clutter. Secondly, Gmail offer users with huge storage space, and thus, they can archive mails instead of deleting. Thirdly, Gmail users are advised to use labels instead of folders because an email can only be put in one folder; however, for flexibility, it can be put in many labels. Moreover, labels can be hierarchically organized. Fourthly, switching to Gmail like a pro entails using Gmail while working offline without any internet connection. Gmail can also be accessed through cell phones (Cloud Sherpas 2). Additionally, the fifth step listed by Cloud Sherpas in their article is the possibility of searching for emails with speed and accuracy instead of sorting, enjoying automatic software updates on a weekly basis, therefore, users experience new functionality. The seventh and last step in the article entails priority inbox. Gmail has a new feature known as priority inbox, which identifies a user’s important emails, and thus, separates it from other emails. Important emails are identified by priority inbox through the user’s pattern that is, the emails that are regularly opened and replied (Cloud Sherpas

Factors Affecting Nigerias Underdevelopment Essay Example for Free

Factors Affecting Nigerias Underdevelopment Essay According to an economist the idea of development is a situation whereby there is an increase in a nations GNP and GDP, leading to an increase in growth .but to a sociologist this is a surface definition as development or rather a country is regarded as developed when such increase is affecting the living condition of its people even to the smallest group in the society. Where we don’t only calculate numbers and figures and structures but can see the positive change of things in the life of the people, both the rich, average and poor. Then such a society would be regarded as developed. For example the living conditions of the USA. Nigeria the most populated country in Africa filled with its endowed natural resources, and according to the â€Å"united nations statistics Nigeria is the 8th most populous county in the world with a population of 2.3%† (UN 2011).but the country still suffers the decay of underdevelopment due to certain avoidable factors that stand as unavoidable. What actually is underdevelopment? W.A Lewis 1963 says that a country may be â€Å"underdeveloped in the sense that its technology is backward when compared with that of other countries or in the sense that its institutions are relatively unfavorable to investment, or in the sense that capital resources per head are low when compared with western Europe or in the sense that output per head is low or in the sense that it has valuable natural resources that has not yet begun use† (extracted by opafola 1996). Agreeing to what Lewis has said so well underdevelopment can be explored from another dimension which in a way he seemed to have ignored, it is a situation whereby the quality of life of the majority of its people is low. The causes or factors of Nigeria’s underdevelopment can be divided into 2 which are both external and internal. â€Å"External includes slavery, colonialism, neo- colonialism and the worldwide recession† (Rodney 1972), with which in my opinion is a fact for our underdevelopment the foundation. Also the internal factors include bribery and corruption, poor leadership, bad patriotism from citizens etc. which actually is avoidable. FACTORS AFFECTING NIGERIA’S UNDERDEVELOPMENT 1. Bribery and Corruption This is the greatest factor that has put Nigeria where it is today, the issue of â€Å"corruption† this is an internal factor. According to the Longman dictionary of contemporary English new edition â€Å"corruption is define as dishonest, illegal or immoral behavior, especially from someone with power†. In Africa as a whole research has seen it that most African leaders are corrupt in nature, leading to their backwardness in development of their economy. Taking a cue from the late Attah Williams of Ghana, he executed all the corrupt leaders in Ghana for the stability of the country, and from recent news Ghana has taking a new turn in its development process (silver bird news 23rd august 2012). The issue of corruption is Nigeria’s biggest challenge that is eating into our economic growth leading to money laundering and looting of public funds meant for the improving living condition of citizens. Corruption now is found in every facets of the Nigerian system especially the political aspect has leaders steal for selfish gain. The transparency international corruption index 2011 ranked Nigeria 143th of 183 counties in the world that is developed, also on the scale of 10 (very clean) to 0 (highly corrupt) Nigeria scored 2.4%, between 2010 and 2011 Nigeria’s position declined from 9 places scoring 2.4% from a possible 10 showing the greatest sign that efforts at correcting corruption had been very inadequate in the last year† (business day, Wednesday September 6 2011). This shows the height of corruption in our country, taking the story of the former governor James ibori of delta state who was jailed for 16 years for money laundering in April 2012 by the American judiciary after being discharged by a Nigerian court due to bribe for a case he was still found guilty. Nigeria’s problem is this menace and until there is a stop to it I wonder where we are heading to. 2.Neo-colonialism or imperialism This is an external factor of Nigeria’s underdevelopment; it is the highest form of exploitation from the British countries to their colonies after independence. Nigeria has contributed to its economic backwardness, as it â€Å"promotes the maintenance of foreign domination and enhances neo-colonialism and the flowering of subjugationism† (onimode, 1981). Imperialism has always been an exploitative phenomenon, which was the initial motive for colonization. Nigeria has been seen as a dumping ground for most British counties, making it difficult for us to produce our own goods. Also the fact that we are primary producers with fewer technicalities to produce our raw materials into finished products makes it a means of imperialism as we export our goods at the rate determined by the British colonies and still import back at a higher cost. For example the crude oil, Nigeria is the largest country with the crude oil but the poorest in economic state due lack of technicality in transforming crude oil into petrol which led to the issue of sucidy removal in January 1st 2012, even after which things haven’t changed as fuel scarcity hits most part of the country e.g. Abuja, Lagos etc. as at 19th September 2012. 3.Poor leadership According to john c. Maxwell â€Å"leadership is about influence† and niyi adesonya sees it â€Å"as not just influence but also inspiration†. The idea of Nigeria’s leadership is just based on selfish gain of eating the â€Å"national cake† and leaving the main aim of governance. Research has seen it that Africa is one continent whereby its leaders are older than the country itself and Nigeria is not left out, as most of our past leaders are much older than the country itself. The issue of poor leadership is also a contributing factor whereby due to corruption leaders make laws to favour their actions, as each time a ruler comes in seat we keep on amending the constitution to suite political parties, politicians make empty promise during election campaigns when put office little or nothing is done in such community and citizens keep suffering in squalor and begin to govern themselves providing the necessities for their comfort. Due to poor leadership the recent issue of flood all over most riverine area would have occurred, this is because a developed country would have been prepared to channel the water released from the Cameroonian dam into another dam. But since Nigerian political elites spend time on unnecessary things like the introduction of the 5000 naira note, citizens are homeless. Poor leadership is a contributing factor of Nigeria’s underdevelopment, as the main issues are not critically tacked to solve other things. It has led to flamboyant spending of public funds whereby an average senator in the house of representative is paid unnecessary bills like the seating allowance, wardrobe allowance etc. aside the salary they earn, why won’t people kill to seat on political power? Nigeria is one country whereby the president earns more than the president of United States. As they continue to buy properties that they don’t need instead of investing in profitable business. 4.Bad patriotism This is also a causing factor for our underdevelopment from in my opinion, it is obvious that most Nigerians are aware of our backwardness and they don’t try to help matters instead they add to the problem itself. By disobeying or making difficult certain rules meant to help the country, this is because they believe it is another lie to eat from us. From the AIT news in August Hilary Clinton’s last visit to Nigeria in 2012, she told the president to have the will power of taking certain stringent rules and standing firm for example the handiwork of governor Fashola of Lagos state is termed credible as Lagos with its massive population is actually adjusting to change. This is because even as unpatriotic most Lagosians are governor Fashola still took a stand, Nigeria’s problem is also citizen built as persons no what is right and refuse doing it for no reason. REFERENCES Walter Rodney (1972) â€Å"How Europe Underdeveloped Africa† Dar-Es Salaam. Tanzania Publishing House. Lewis W.A (1963) â€Å"The Theory of Economic Growth† London: George Allen and Unwin Ltd. S.O. Opafola (1996) â€Å"The Journal of Philosophy and Development† Vol.2, Ogun State University: Hope Publications. Onimode, B (1981) â€Å"Imperialism and Nigerian Development† In O. Nnoli Edition. Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English New Edition. Business Day Newspaper Wednesday September 6 (2011), Nigeria and Corruption Index United Nation Statistics 2011. AIT News august 2012.

The Scarlet Letter Freely Adapted as a Movie :: Movie Film comparison compare contrast

The Scarlet Letter Freely Adapted as a Movie      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The gods and goddesses of Greek mythology had temples erected in their names. They were worshipped and most times adored. The people brought offerings to these gods in the form of food, drink, and gold. Today’s gods and goddesses don’t sit high on Mount Olympus. They sit high on or behind the movie screen. We visit their temples in record numbers and bring food, drink, and the mighty dollar. But what do they offer us in return? Voyeurism, titillation, narcissismà ·all in a rebirth of classical American literature, which through their filters becomes sappy love stories with politically correct happy endings. In this way, their gifts are made more palatable for an audience they feel is not quite ready for films dealing with bitter social controversy, such as sin, hypocrisy, spiritual crisis, and guilt.    Nathaniel Hawthorne’s The Scarlet Letter is one of the classics that is experiencing this renaissance. Director Roland Joffe has enlisted the aid of writers Michael Mann and Christopher Crowe to produce a body of work also entitled The Scarlet Letter. The effort to introduce the American audience to this classical piece of literature was undertaken, as the film’s star Demi Moore asserts, because "not many people have read the book" (qtd. in Mr. Showbiz, par. 4). However, in doing so, Joffe has taken away the essence of Hawthorne. "It [is] sorrowful to think how many days and weeks and months and years of toil [have] been wasted on these musty papers [of Hawthorne’s] never more to be glanced at by human eyes. But, then, what reams of other manuscripts - filled [ ·] with the thought of inventive brains and the rich effusion of deep hearts - [have] gone equally to oblivion" (Hawthorne 46; The Custom House).    In film, the viewer sees a story from the director’s perspective. When experiencing a novel, the reader is drawn into the authorà ¢s story and relates to the characters and events created by the author. He is allowed to bring forth his own imagination to recreate the characters and events by visualizing what the writer describes. He chooses the voice of each character, pictures how the character looks, and brings his own personal experiences forth to enhance the written word. He has an opportunity to be one-on-one with the author, hear his words, and experience for myself the charactersà ¢ emotions.

Project Managers

With the rapid advances currently being made in information technology there has now become an increased need for Project Managers. The scale and number of projects has increased thereby increasing the risk associated with these projects. With this in mind the choosing of project managers with the required skills to ensure the successful completion of projects has become critical and organizations have recognized that the choosing of the right individual to lead a project can have a significant bearing on the success of the organization. There are countless project management certifications, methodologies and text books that give their own interpretation of what us considered a â€Å"best practice† and every methodology can bring value if applied appropriately. Methodologies are better viewed as valuable frameworks or toolkits from which a skilled and experienced Project Manager can select the relevant components, probably different components for different projects, and apply them where appropriate, not just for the sake of it or because it says so in the manual. So, if the methodologies and certifications only make up a part of the profile of a good project manager, what the other attributes and traits do we consider to be most important in a project manager?AdaptabilityAn often-used word, but project managers need to be able to react to change. They need to be dynamic, flexible and adaptable. Of course, setting out a comprehensive plan, with clear dependencies, milestones and completion dates is a key part of project planning but if all that was required to be a successful project manager was to set out a plan at the outset and then sit at the tiller and gently steer the project team through the plan, everybody would be doing it. When the inevitable happens and the risk becomes an issue, or the customer changes their requirement, or a key engineer resigns, this is when good project managers really come into their own. The ability to react quickly, to have an answer before most people have even realized what the question is and to have a contingency plan, a Plan B and a Plan C sets good project managers apart.PragmatismThe Project Manager who constantly falls back on, or some might say hides behind, process is unlikely to prosper in the real world. We'd all like to deliver our projects to the letter of a recognized methodology, but if it was as simple as just obtaining a PRINCE2 or Agile certification and then carrying the manual around with you, good project managers wouldn't command the salaries they do. A successful project manager will balance the essential process and rigor with the need to be pragmatic at times and to bend the rules occasionally. There's no room for mavericks when delivering large enterprise projects, and we'd recommend that doing things outside of process first receives the endorsement of somebody with appropriate authority, but when rigidly adhering to process means that you miss a customer delivery deadline that you would otherwise have hit, possibly with financial or reputational implications, that's the time when an experienced and aware project manager will propose the pragmatic approach.Logical Mind-setThe ability to look ahead and logically fit together the pieces of a complex implementation is of great value to a project manager. A bigger picture view and understanding of dependencies and why certain activities need to be sequential makes project planning a lot easier and significantly increases the likelihood that a plan is accurate and effective. Some of the best technical and innovative minds, the types of individual that are key to delivering technology, are hopelessly devoid of organization and methodical thinking. The project manager has to bring the logical outlook that pulls it all together, and a strong project manager will have the confidence to challenge the thinking of the most brilliant engineer if he or she is failing to look beyond their own small area of the overall implementation.CommunicationNo surprises here. Most project managers would list communication as one of the most important aspects of project management. Indeed, most project management methodologies dedicate specific coverage to communication and the Comms Plan. How and to whom a project manager communicates is vitally important. All projects should set out at the outset how they will formally report progress, risk ; issues, exceptions and escalations. This is the formal part. In addition to this, a good project manager will make sure that key stake holders always have just enough information but not too much and are never caught in a position where the first they know of an issue or problem is when the customer escalates it to them. Different stakeholders like different approaches and the project manager needs to quickly establish how best to communicate informally with stakeholders, be it email, phone, walking over to their desk, or a chat at the coffee machine. An important point made verbally is always best followed up in writing.RelationshipsGood relationships go a long way when trying to achieve project success. The project manager who invests time into building relationships with key players will find themselves well positioned when the pressure is on and it's necessary to ask more of the project team, or when relationships with clients become strained due to delivery challenges. Ten minutes invested in providing counsel to a frustrated engineer, showing some empathy and letting him get a few gripes off his chest, can pay dividends when you need that same engineer to work late on a Friday night to get an installation finished. It's not just relationships with key contributors in the project team that are important. Forming a strong relationship with a delivery counterpart within the client's organization is also important. When you're both in front of the customer's programme sponsor at the monthly steering board and the meeting isn't going well due to challenges or delays on the project, you'd rather be side by side and aligned with your client counterpart, who reports into that programme sponsor, than be the individual who gets hung out to try and made a scapegoat.Political AwarenessMany a talented project manager has fallen down or been made the scapegoat for project failure because they didn't get to grips with the politics of either their own organization or that of the customer. A good understanding of when to speak, when to just keep your head down and listen, who to trust, who to be wary of, who you must keep on the right side of and where the real power and authority resides will all increase a project manager's chance of success. Let's be completely honest, sometimes a project is just going to fail, regardless of who the project manager is. A project manager who can navigate the political landscape (as well as having a lot of the other traits we list here) will emerge from a challenged project with their reputation intact, possibly even enhanced. A project manager who neglects this area runs the risk of being made the fall-guy and going down with the sinking ship. Some of this only comes with experience, and there are very few project and programme managers who would honestly tell you that they hadn't been burnt by organizational politics at some stage in their career.AuthoritativeAnother area that sometimes only comes with experience, but being authoritative, or at least giving the impression of being calm and in control, even when you haven't got all of the answers, will inspire calm and confidence in stakeholders and project team members. Nothing erodes customer confidence or encourages an angry client to go for the jugular like a project manager who mutters his way through an update or shows uncertainty and hesitation when answering a difficult question.Inclination to question and challengeThe project manager who takes everyone and everything at face value runs the risk of having the wool pulled over their eyes. Of course , delegation is a key aspect of project management and whilst having overall accountability, the project manager cannot take responsibility for everything. But as a project manager, the ability to quickly identify the right questions to ask, who and when to challenge, and who and when you can trust is another key trait. As a Project Manager, you never want to be in a position where your senior stakeholder or customer is asking the questions that you should have asked yourself or is asking you questions that you can't answer because you haven't asked the right questions of your team.Delegate but keep controlThere is a place, on small, simple, projects for the â€Å"player manager† to use sporting parlance, the individual who does some basic project management as well as being responsible for actually carrying out some of the actions. Similarly, its sometimes valuable when a project finds itself in â€Å"all hands-on deck† mode if the project manager can roll up his sleeve and start crawling under desks to trace cables, deploy handsets or drive a piece of kit from one site to another. However, typically a project manager can't afford to be in the detail of configuring equipment, taking part in the physical installations or touching kit. A project manager incapable of staying out of the weeds will eventually fall foul of this because they will neglect the true project management responsibilities and tasks that they should be carrying out. A project manager needs to establish the governance and rules with project team members in terms of what they need to be made aware of and what they are happy to delegate and leave in the hands of the project resource who owns the action.ExperienceUnfortunately for any new project managers on the block, the reality is that the big jobs normally go to project managers who have been around the block a few times. Not what you want to hear when you're trying to break into project management but, arguably more so than in a lot of other disciplines, the best project managers have normally been doing it for a while. An installation technician can leave the training lab knowing all they need to know about how to physically rack and stack kit and connect it to the network. An engineer can attend a training course on how to configure a switch or router. Individuals with the appropriate training can be immediately effective in these types or roles, even if they have little or no real-world experience. Clearly there are enough project managers around to demonstrate that a lack of experience isn't an absolute barrier to entry but if we're talking about the best project managers, those who are entrusted with the complex projects and the high-profile clients, experience plays a major part. With experience, all of the other traits on this list are likely to be developed and enhanced to a higher level. When a challenge arises, the experienced project manager who has seen the same or similar situations before is more likely to have learned the lessons and gained first-hand knowledge of what will work and what won't work. Sadly, for those looking to enter project management and go straight to the top of the pile, you can't teach experience.

Cultural Considerations in Health Care

Introduction One of the greatest things about nursing is that we have the opportunity to share with different cultures and learn about them. Our patients are complex; they each have their religion, culture, and life choices. Delivering health advice and not knowing much about a patient’s cultural background will influence how the patient may perceive the nurses’ advice.The article that I did my research on was published in 2011, by Perez-Avila, Sobralske and Katz; the name of the article is â€Å"No Comprendo: Practice Considerations When Caring for Latinos With Limited English Proficiency in the United States Health Care System†. In the United States, Hispanics form the largest minority. Most of this community has limited English proficiency; the purpose of this article is to teach us how Hispanics feel when catered to by English only speaking healthcare staff.Summary of the Article The article in my opinion was well written, it provides detailed information in reference to limited English proficient citizens in the United States. An example of how detailed the study is â€Å"One study revealed that only 37% of patients with LEP know it is their legal right to have health services offered in their language by a bilingual provider or through the use of professional interpretation services† (Katz & Pares-Avila, 2011, pg. 160).The author could have done a better job by providing more cultural information in reference to Hispanics; their believes and medical practices. Hispanic families believe that the father of the family is the boss; however the spouse takes care of the children. I must add that this is changing as women are becoming more functional in the work force and as professionals. The article focuses on how due to the lack of communication and cultural competence, a certain percentage of Hispanics do not benefit from the best possible care.In fact, the article states that Hispanics have more unnecessary tests done to them due to the lack of communication with health care providers. Many health care professionals decide to document that the patient’s medical history is not available, rather than finding an interpreter to assist them. The article does a nice job describing how this lack of cultural knowledge impacts the Hispanic culture. I chose this article because I find it interesting and of great help to any nursing and health care professional; I am Hispanic myself and constantly looking for better ways to help my community.I personally see my grandmother struggling whenever she needs to see her physician, as she sometimes does not understand what him and his staff are telling her. On another note nursing is an ever changing career and the Hispanic culture is growing at an enormous rate, becoming culturally competent does not only provide the patient with good care but can make the nurses’ job easier and more rewarding. I do feel that there should be more research on this subject; the b est way to learn about a patient’s cultural beliefs is to ask the patient.I think that the population that the author intended to target is health care professionals; however, I know that any immigrant can benefit from reading this article. Conclusion Culture competence is a quality that any nurse should have. The article that I decided to research refers to the impact that language and different cultures have on a patient’s health. It is the duty of health care professionals to attempt to learn about different cultures and to be sensitive to the way patient’s feel about their beliefs.Once the nurse understands a patient’s beliefs, the plan of care can be adjusted to meet the patient’s individual needs. Reference Pares-Avila, J. A. , Sobralske, M. C. , & Katz, J. R. (2011). No Comprendo: Practice Considerations When Caring for Latinos With Limited English Proficiency in the United States Health Care System. Hispanic Health Care International, 9(4), 159-167. doi:http://dx. doi. org/10. 1891/1540-4153. 9. 4. 159

Channel Distribution Essay Example

Channel Distribution Essay Example Channel Distribution Essay Channel Distribution Essay 272 LESSON-18 CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION Dr Subhanjali Chopra STRUCTURE 18. 0 Introduction 18. 1 Objectives 18. 2 Meaning of Channels of Distribution 18. 3 Kinds of Distribution Channels 18. 4 Choice of Channel of Distribution 18. 5 Summary 18. 6 Glossary 18. 7 Self Assessment Questions 18. 8 Further Readings 18. 0 INTRODUCTION Distribution of products constitutes an important element of marketing mix of a firm. After development of the product, the entrepreneur has to decide channels or routes through which the product will flow from the factory to the potential customers. He has a number of alternatives available to him. The entrepreneur may choose to distribute the product directly to customers without using any intermediaries. Alternatively, he may use one or more middlemen including wholesalers, selling agents, and retailers. Big firms have their zonal or regional authorized agents or dealers spread over the entire country. The dealers, in turn, work with distributors and retailers. On the other hand, small firms cannot afford to have zonal offices, but are devising their own ways of doing business. They also receive regular orders for goods. Entry may be difficult for the small firms. It has been observed that many authorized dealers of known brands also stock other unknown or new brands of goods. They also insist on the customer buying the lesserknown brand because of higher margin of profit. The small entrepreneur, with fewer overheads and low labour costs along with better planning and management, may be able to earn good profits. 18. 1 OBJECTIVES After reading this chapter, you should be able to: Explain the meaning of channels of distribution. Describe various kinds of distribution channels. Enumerate the factors affecting choice of a distribution channel. Describe various types of middlemen. 273 18. 2 MEANING OF CHANNELS OF DISTRIBUTION A channel of distribution or trade channel is the path or route along which goods move from producers to ultimate consumers. It is a distribution network through which a producer puts his products in the hands of actual users. A trade or marketing channel consists of the producer , consumers or users and the various middlemen who intervene between the two. The channel serves as a connecting link between the producer and consumers. By bridging the gap between the point of production and the point of consumption, a channel creates time, place and possession utilities. A channel of distribution represents three types of flows: a. Goods flow from producer to consumers; b. Cash flow from consumers to producer as payment for goods; and c. Marketing information flows in both directions, from producers to consumers in the form of information on new products, new uses of existing products, etc. The flow of information from consumers to producers is the feedback of the wants, suggestions, complaints, etc. 18. KINDS OF DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS Every small-scale entrepreneur requires a channel that can distribute his product to the right customers at the right time and at the right cost. It consists of all the middlemen which participate in the distribution of goods and which serve as a link between the manufacturer and the consumer. Producer Consumer Producer Retailer Consumer Producer Wholesaler Retailer Consumer Channels of Distribution A brief explanation of different channels of distribution is given below: 1. Manufacturer  Customer: This is also known as direct selling because no middlemen are involved. A producer may sell directly through his own retail stores, for example, Bata. This is the simplest and the shortest channel. It is fast and economical. Small producers and producers of perishable commodities also sell directly to the local consumers. Big firms adopt direct selling in order to cut distribution cost and because 274 they have sufficient facilities to sell directly to the consumers. The producer or the entrepreneur himself performs all the marketing activities. 2. Manufacturer  Retailer  Customer: This is one stage distribution channel having one middleman, i. . , retailer. In this channel, the producer sells to big retailers like departmental stores and chain stores who in turn sell to customer. This channel is very popular in the distribution of consumer durables such as refrigerators, T V sets, washing machines, typewriters, etc. This channel of distribution is very popular these days because of emergence of departmental stores, super markets and other big retail s tores. The retailers purchase in large quantities from the producer and perform certain marketing activities in order to sell the product to the ultimate consumers. . Manufacturer  Wholesaler  Retailer  Customer: This is the traditional channel of distribution. There are two middlemen in this channel of distribution, namely, wholesaler and retailer. This channel is most suitable for the products with widely scattered market. It is used in the distribution of consumer products like groceries, drugs, cosmetics, etc. It is quite suitable for small scale producers whose product line is narrow and who require the expert services and promotional support of wholesalers. 18. 4 CHOICE OF CHANNEL OF DISTRIBUTION While selecting a distribution channel, the entrepreneur should compare the costs, sales volume and profits expected from alternative channels of distribution. In order to select the right channel for distributing his product, a small-scale manufacturer should keep in mind the following considerations1: 1. Market Considerations: The nature of the market is a key factor influencing the choice of channels of distribution. The following features of the market should be considered to determine the channels: a. Consumer or industrial market: If the product is meant for industrial users, the channel of distribution will be a short one. This is because industrial users buy in a large quantity and the producer can easily establish a direct contact with them. But in case for goods meant for consumers, retailers may have to be included in the channels of distribution. b. Number and location of buyers: When the number of potential customers is small or the market is geographically located in a limited area, direct selling is easy and economical. In case of large number of customers, use of wholesalers and retailers becomes necessary. c. Size of order: Direct selling is convenient and economical where customers place order in big lots as in case of industrial goods. But where the product is sold in small quantities, middlemen are used to distribute such products. A manufacturer may use different channels for different types of buyers. He may sell directly to big retail stores and may use wholesalers to sell to small retailers. d. Customers buying habits: The customer buying habits like the time he is willing to spend, the desire for credit, the preference of personal attention and one stop shopping significantly affect the choice of distribution channels. 1 Singh and Chhabra, C. B. Gupta 275 2. Product Considerations: The type and nature of the product influence the number and type of middlemen to be chosen for distributing the product. The important factors with respect to the product are as follows: a. Unit value: Products of low unit value and common use are generally sold through middlemen, as they cannot bear the cost of direct selling. On the other hand, expensive consumer goods and industrial products are sold directly by the producers. b. Perishability: Perishable products like vegetables, fruits and bakery items have relatively short channels, as they cannot withstand repeated handling. Goods, which are subject to frequent changes in fashion and style, are generally distributed through short channels, as the producer has to maintain close and continuous touch with the market. c. Bulk and weight: Heavy and bulky products are distributed directly to minimize handling costs. Coal, bricks, stones, etc. , are some examples. d. Standardisation: Custom-made and non-standardised products usually pass through short channels due to the need for direct contact between the producer and the consumers. Standardized and mass-made goods can be distributed through middlemen. . Technical nature: Industrial products requiring demonstration, installation and aftersale service are often sold directly. The consumer products of technical nature are generally sold through retailers. f. Product line: An entrepreneur producing a wide range of products may find it economical to set up its own retail outlets. On the other hand, firms with one or two products find it profitable to distribute th rough wholesalers and retailers. g. Age of the product: A new product needs greater promotional effort and few middlemen may like to handle it. As the product gains acceptance in the market, more middlemen may be employed for its distribution. 3. Middlemen Considerations: The cost and efficiency of distribution depend largely upon the nature and type of middlemen as given in the following factors: a. Availability: When middlemen as desired are not available, an entrepreneur may have to establish his own distribution network. Non-availability of middlemen may arise when they are handling competitive products, as they do not like to handle more brands. b. Attitudes: Middlemen who do not like a firm’s marketing policies may refuse to handle its products. For instance, some wholesalers and retailers demand sole selling rights or a guarantee against fall in prices. c. Services: Use of those middlemen is profitable who provide financing, storage, promotion and aftersale services. d. Sale Potential: An entrepreneur generally prefers a dealer who offers the greatest potential volume of sales. e. Costs: Choice of a channel should be made after comparing the costs of distribution through alternative channels. After deciding the number of middlemen, an entrepreneur has to select the particular dealers through whom he will distribute his products. While selecting a particular wholesaler or retailer, the following factors should be taken into consideration: a. Location of dealer’s business premises; b. Financial position and credit standing of the dealer; c. Knowledge and experience of the dealer; d. Storage and showroom facilities of the dealer; 276 e. Ability of the dealer to secure adequate business and to cover the market; f. Capacity of the dealer to provide aftersale service; g. General reputation of the dealer and his sales force; h. Willingness of the dealer to handle the entrepreneur’s products; i. Degree of co-operation and promotion service he is willing to provide; j. Nature of other products, if any handled by the dealer. Activity Please suggest a suitable channel of distribution for Mr. Amit Sood†s firm. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ â⠂¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18. 5 SUMMARY In a vast and densely populated country like India one needs an effective distribution system that provides market coverage and is economical. The choice of a channel depends upon the nature of the product e. g. for low priced consumer products like soap a vast network is needed but for industrial goods a direct channel or a very short channel might be appropriate. The nature of the product- whether it is bulky or perishable for instance as well as the cost and efficiency of the distributors are some other factors that have to be kept in mind while selecting a channel. 18. 6 GLOSSARY 1. Wholesaling: All activities involved in selling goods or services to those buying for resale or business use. 2. Retailing: All activities involved in selling goods or services directly to final consumer. 3. Zero Stage Channel: When goods are supplied directly by producer to consumer without any intermediaries. 4. Specialty Store: A retail store that carries a narrow production line with a deep assortment within that line. 277 18. 7 SELF ASSESSMENT QUESTIONS 1. What do you mean by channels of distribution? 2. Discuss the different channels available to an entrepreneur for the distribution of products to the consumers. . What factors will you take into account while selecting a suitable channel of distribution? 18. 8 FURTHER READINGS 1. Gupta, C. B. and Khanka, S. S. , Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management, Sultan Chand and Sons, 2003. 2. Taneja, Satish and Gupta S. L. , Entrepreneur Development: New Venture Creation, Galgotia Publishing Company, 2001. 3. Gupta, C. B. , Busin ess Organization and Management, Sultan Chand and Sons, Latest Edition. 4. Singh, B. P. and Chhabra, T. N. , Modern Business Organisation, Kitab Mahal, Latest Edition.

Idiomatic English

Idiomatic English Idiomatic English Idiomatic English By Maeve Maddox In response to the When to use ‘on’ and when to use ‘in post about prepositions, Francesco Mapelli writes: I still dont get the He was not thinking well on that occasion. Why is in wrong here? At the risk of sounding unhelpful, the only answer to this perplexity is that on that occasion is idiomatic English and in that occasion is not. On the other hand, we can say in that instance, while it would be unidiomatic to say on that instance. In his renowned A Dictionary of Modern English Usage, H. W. Fowler defined an idiomatic expression as one that is natural for a normal Englishman to say or write. He went on to say that idiomatic English is not necessarily grammatical or ungrammatical. Sometimes idiomatic usage agrees with stated rules, and sometimes it doesnt. The two, grammar and idiom, are two separate categories. Sometimes they agree, and sometimes they dont. It is not necessary to understand an idiom. It is only necessary to accept it. My beginning French students often exclaimed at French idioms like Jai 17 ans (literally, I have 17 years). They wanted to translate such constructions literally, and then complained that the result sounded ridiculous in English. I worked very hardusually unsuccessfullyto convince them that French is not some funny form of English. French is French, and in French, Jai 17 ans is correct and Je suis 17 ans is nonsense. Idiomatic expressions of every kind in Englsh are rapidly changing. Here are some examples from my collection of prepositional use in the media: living under borrowed time. (living on borrowed time) Stonehenge has mystic appeal to the British people. (appeal for the English people) On the other hand, we say that picture appeals to me. foreigners have been encroaching into Korean waters. (encroaching on) The IRS is not concerned with the situations in which these minors will be returned to. This one is ungrammatical as well as unidiomatic. It should read: The IRS is not concerned with the situations to which these minors will be returned. Several forces are at work to change English idioms. One is lack of attention to teaching traditional literature and usage in the public school classroom. School administrators as a group do not value language instruction. Many of them laugh off their own grammatical errors or lack of familiarity with literary classics by implying that such matters are the concern of English teachers only. Few Americans read for entertainment. We are a film-oriented culture. Popular television shows like Seinfeld spread nonstandard regional usages such as waiting on line for waiting in line (in the sense of waiting in a queue). Popular attitudes about personal liberty equate linguistic correctness with elitism or social oppression. Finally, to some extent, the grammatical conventions of other languages find their way into English by way of our diverse population. In many ways a language shapes the thoughts of the people who speak it, but the speakers also shape the language. If enough people start saying or writing a certain expression, it will become idiomatic. The Stonehenge example above illustrates how idioms can change by analogy with other idioms. Language is going to change from generation to generation in any case. If it changes too rapidly, the traditional literature is lost. Few read Chaucer for fun anymore. Shakespeares works must be studied with a glossary. High school students struggle with Great Expectations, and some entering college students have trouble understanding the essays of George Orwell. Writers have a responsibility to read widely in the literature of the language in which they choose to write. They have the privilege of innovation, but, in the interest of continuity and comprehensibility, they can use the privilege judiciously. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:What Is Irony? (With Examples)40 Synonyms for â€Å"Different†How to Address Your Elders, Your Doctor, Young Children... and Your CEO

Systems and community Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Systems and community - Essay Example It is generally accepted that the strength and resilience of a community is directly proportional to the frequency at which individual members communicate with each other. Internet has revolutionized the way people communicate with each other and it has spawned numerous internet communities where individual members get together and communicate with each other on specific issues much like real world communities. However, this communication and interaction is only of a virtual nature and several researchers feel that a virtual interaction cannot be a substitute for real life interaction that can be achieved through face to face news and information exchanges between members, or, through a very common activity as playing a group game. But there are an almost equal number of social researchers that are of the opinion that the nature of communities is undergoing a metamorphosis where the traditional concept of community is gradually fading out with the internet communities filling in that void. This group of researchers contends that internet communities are not necessarily restricted to the virtual world and there are increasing instances where exchange of physical resources is being done among virtual community members. So, a new setup where both virtual and real co-exists in their relevant spheres and complement each other is fast taking a concrete and irreversible shape. This group of researchers feels that in spite of a stupendous level of connectivity fostered by internet, the spirit of community and civic engagement is collapsing and members of the society are becoming increasingly disconnected with each other leading to irredeemable loss of social capital. This is more accentuated by the easy and cheap alternative provided by the internet where individuals can interact globally on issues that might be slightly remoter than the more immediate issues that

Final Project Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Final Project - Case Study Example This is stated in her IEP, and is certainly the desire of her parents. Naturally, Emily will benefit from this as well as she can have normal interactions with her peers and not be subject to constant ‘extra classes’ that pull her away from valuable class time. There are various assistive technology devices that should help Emily. The first component that should provide needed sight assistance is a screen magnification system. Such a device will magnify information presented in class up to 20 times. At five years old, Emily will be learning a great deal about numbers and letters. She will also begin to write. This requires her to be able to adequately see what the teacher is doing, so that she can model after that. Screen magnification software does not have to take up much room and can be used at Emily’s desk. Another device that could be quite useful to Emily is a video magnifier. In the early childhood classroom, there will be many modern technological tools em ployed to assist in the teaching of reading and writing. A video magnifier will utilize closed circuit tv technology to make written text and small objects easier for her to see. As the teacher writes numbers and letters on the white board, it can be magnified on CCTV for Emily to easily see while sitting at her desk. Finally, a digital book reader can be utilized to play back stories or other lessons. Especially as Emily progress through school, she may not be able to read as quickly as her classmates. A digital book reader can help her receive extra time outside of class to catch up as the reader will provide audio versions of printed text. It is important that each of the assistive technology devices be implemented in a non-invasive way that does not draw undue attention to Emily. This will enable her to have a relatively normal classroom existence and she can then fit in with her peers a bit more cohesively. With proper care and the implementation of a few non-traditional instru ctional strategies, Emily should continue to thrive academically and be able to overcome her disability. Case Study #2 David shows all indications of being a bright young boy with a specific high-incidence disability. While his verbal skills appear to be great for the third grade, he is already exhibiting extreme difficulty in the areas of reading and writing. At this age, David is likely not interested in failing in front of his friends, so he appears unwilling to give any special effort. While it is not indicated in this particular case study, an IEP is likely being developed that focuses on tools in these areas to help David get back up to grade level in these critical areas. David could very well benefit from an assistive technology device that will help him to improve upon his below grade level reading skills. One such device is to utilize books and other publications that are in audio form. This can come in the form of, most commonly, CDs and MP3 Downloads. David can begin to listen to certain texts that are being used in his classroom. In so doing, he can begin to hear how words are pronounced and hopefully, over time, begin to improve upon his comprehension skills. There are many audio book readers on the market. In addition, there are subscription services that the school can be a member of that makes audio versions of texts available for

Strategy and Corporate Planning PowerGen Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Strategy and Corporate Planning PowerGen - Essay Example The report starts with analyzing the effect of the organizational change on corporate planning. It is found that PowerGen reorganized itself three times between 1990 and 1998. The changes in the organizational structure had to be supported with effective corporate plans which specified the roles and responsibilities of each function. Initially, PowerGen had a centralized structure which underwent a complete transformation to a decentralized operation with unit managers at each business level being given wider responsibilities. The next section tries to analyze the core competencies and capabilities which have helped PowerGen to maintain its market share. It has been found that PowerGen’s focus was to supply electricity at a low cost. It formed an effective supply chain across various geographical locations and by partnering with various companies which helped it to produce electricity at low cost. This section also analyzes the core competencies and capabilities of two other major players in the industry which are EDF and E.ON. The last section deals with understanding the effect of privatization and deregulation and PowerGen’s merger with Midland electricity which was a major strategic move and helped PowerGen immensely to stay ahead of the competition. The report ends with an analysis of the centralized system of planning adopted by CEGB in the context of Hofstede’s article titled â€Å"Cultural constraints in management theories†. It shows the importance of cultural aspects while dealing with employees. The end product of electricity industry is one of the fastest growing industries in the world. The spiraling demand for energy is expected to rise considerably till 2030. The total value of the electricity market comprises of the total electricity sold to commercial, industrial, residential and other users. In 2007, the total value of the market increased by 14.5%.

Rome and Han Ccot Essay Example for Free

Rome and Han Ccot Essay Rome and Han China are different in the ways how their slaves were treated. Overall, they were ultimately more similar because of the importance of trade and family. Slaves in Ancient Rome were treated very harshly. They were put in gladiator fights to the death against fellow slaves and occasionally lions for the entertainment of the community, although it was against the law for a citizen to kill another citizen’s slave. Also, 10% of the populations of Rome were slaves, which means if one died, they could be easily replaced. In contrast, only 1% of Han China’s populations were slaves. They were much more valued and thus their owners treated them better. There were two kinds- Privately Owned and State Owned. These slaves could pay for freedom, or be freed by their master or the emperor. It was against the law to kill these slaves at all. Trade in Rome was thought to be beneath the occupation of landholding, although they continue to practice trade throughout Roman history. The Senate was not allowed to participate in commerce because they were too prestigious to be affiliating with it. Similar to Han China, agriculture was a much better occupation than trade. Merchants, however wealthy, were looked down on because they looked like they could surpass social boundaries because of their riches. In Ancient Rome, loyalty to family and state was highly important. The nobles of Rome were constantly reminded to be aware of their fathers and grandfathers successes. We know this because the term pietas; meaning â€Å"dutifulness†; depicts these values. Also, we know of these the importance of family because typically at a Roman funeral, they would exhibit masks’ of their ancestors and their deeds. This regard to ancestors resembles that of Confucianism, which was highly practiced in Han China. The core of Confucianism was known as â€Å"filial piety†, meaning the respect and obedience that children owed their parents.

In what kind of community does Arthur Miller root John Proctor? :: English Literature

In what kind of community does Arthur Miller root John Proctor? In Arthur Millers Salem the community is very religious and pious. They might be religious but their actions are bad. The community is a puritan community this means that they are keen on helping the church or making it better. The community is lead by the church so it is a theocracy. Only by one example you can see how religious the community is because the church leads it. The community is scared of other people coming and changing the whole way of their lives so they want to keep their way to themselves. In Arthur Millers Salem, Salem society is very repressive in other word it is controlled and strict. They want it strict so they can keep the community from falling to pieces. The society of Arthur Millers Salem is very strict and severe. For instance when Abigail and the other teenage girls were caught in the forest dancing by Parris. When Abigail was at home with Parris. Abigail says to Parris in Act 1 Page 7 "I think you best go down and deny it yourself." Parris replies back by saying "My daughter and my niece I discovered dancing like heathen in the forest?" You can see here now that Parris is calling Abigail heathen who means non-Christian. Parris is calling Abigail non-Christian only for dancing. It is so severe that Abigail said on Act 1 Page 7 "Uncle, we did dance: let you tell them I confessed it-and I'll be whipped if I must be. Then Mary says on Act 1 Page 14 "Abby we've got to tell. Witchery's an hanging error†¦you'll only be whipped for dancing and other things we must tell the truth." You only can see by this how strict and severe the community is, if you dace you get whipped sixty times. You can see the society is strict and only by the few examples I have given. They gave severe punishment to anyone who broke their rules. The beliefs of the people are strong and they stand up for their beliefs. Because the existence of witches etc are mentioned in the Bible. Proctor says in Act 2 Page 57 "I have no knowledge of it: the Bible speaks of witches and I Will not deny them." Proctor is saying that he does not know if witches exist, because the Bible mentions witches so he has full belief in them. All of the community is religious and they will have total belief in the Bible. They are very quick to call each other witches or that some one is bewitched.

Journal of Consumer Behavior Essay

Consumer complaints and recovery through guaranteeing self-service technology NICHOLA ROBERTSON1*, LISA MCQUILKEN1 and JAY KANDAMPULLY2 1 Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia 2 Ohio State University, 266 Campbell Hall, 1787 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA ABSTRACT Self-service technologies are shaping the future of consumer behaviour, yet consumers often experience service failure in this context. This conceptual paper focuses on self-service technology failure and recovery. A consumer perspective is taken. Recovering from self-service technology failure is fraught with difficulty, mainly because of the absence of service personnel. The aim of this paper is to present a theoretical framework and associated research propositions in respect to the positive role that service guarantees can play in the context of self-service technology failure and recovery. It contributes to the consumer behaviour domain by unifying the theory pertaining to consumer complaint behaviour, service recovery, specifically consumers’ perceptions of justice, and service guarantees, which are set in a distinctive self-service technology context. It is advanced that service guarantees, specifically multiple attribute-specific guarantees, are associated with consumer voice complaints following self-service technology failure, which is contingent on the attribution of blame in the light of consumers’ production role. Service guarantees are argued to be associated with consumers’ perceptions of just recovery in the selfservice technology context when they promise to fix the problem, compensate only when the problem cannot be remedied, offer a choice of compensation that is contingent on failure severity, afford ease of invocation and collection, and provide a personalised response to failures. Previous classifications of SSTs are used to highlight the applicability of guarantees for different types of SSTs. Managerial implications based on the theoretical framework are presented, along with future research directions. Copyright  © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. INTRODUCTION The growing application of technology in services has  transformed the way that organisations interact with consumers (Liljander et al., 2006). Self-service technologies (SSTs) are technological interfaces that enable consumers to generate benefits for themselves, without the presence of the organisation’s personnel (Meuter et al., 2000). They enable consumers to take an active role in the production of their service experience. As SSTs are a major force shaping consumer behaviour (Beatson et al., 2006), the implications for both consumers and organisations need to be considered. The failure of SSTs is commonplace (Forbes, 2008; Robertson and Shaw, 2009). SST failure, or consumers’ perception that one or more aspects of SST delivery have not met their expectations, is attributed to poor service and failing technology (Meuter et al., 2000). Failures are inevitable with all services, especially SSTs that introduce new types of failures, such as consumer failures (Forbes, 2008; Meuter et al., 2000). However, SST recovery, e.g., fixing the problem and providing compensation, is generally reported to be poor (Forbes, 2008). While consumers demand a superior response to SST failure, complaints are largely ineffectively handled in this context (Collier and Bienstock, 2006). This is despite the fact that SST failure intensifies the need for recovery because consumers are often remote from service personnel (Collier and Bienstock, 2006). SST providers have ignored consumers, denied responsibility for failure, blamed consumers for the problem, *Correspondence to: Nichola Robertson, Deakin University, 221 Burwood Highway, Burwood, Victoria 3125, Australia. E-mail: nichola.robertson@deakin.edu.au  and provided a generic complaint response (Forbes, 2008; Holloway and Beatty, 2003). Unsurprisingly, consumers might not bother voicing because they believe that it will be useless (Holloway and Beatty, 2003; Snellman and Vihtkari, 2003). If consumers are dissatisfied with an SST encounter and service recovery is perceived to be inept, they will switch and/or spread negative word of mouth and/or mouse (Collier and Bienstock, 2006; Dong et al., 2008; Harris et al., 2006a). In the interpersonal service context, it has been argued, albeit rarely, that service guarantees, or explicit promises made by organisations to deliver a certain level of service to satisfy consumers and to remunerate them if the service fails (Hogreve and Gremler, 2009), are an effective recovery tool (Bjà ¶rlin-Lidà ©n and Skà ¥là ©n,  2003; Kashyap, 2001; McColl et al., 2005). In a recovery encounter, service guarantees have been found to provide benefits, such as reducing consumer dissatisfaction, negative word of mouth, and switching (Wirtz, 1998). We argue that in the context of SST failure, service guarantees could act as a surrogate for service personnel who, in the interpersonal service context, encourage consumer complaints and facilitate recovery. Following our extensive review of service guarantees employed in the SST context, it was revealed that guarantees are uncommon in practice for non-Internet SSTs, such as kiosks and interactive voice response (IVR). However, in the Internet context, they appear to be more widespread. For example, guarantees are often used in the context of online banking, where online security, in particular, is guaranteed. They are also prevalent in the hotel context, typically in the form of online price matching guarantees. Therefore, the ‘real-life’ examples of SST guarantees provided throughout this paper are skewed toward Internet SSTs. However, in  N. Robertson et al. guarantees also have the ability to enhance consumers’ perceptions of fairness following failure. SST guarantees indicate justice in a context that is mostly devoid of interpersonal and other external cues, thereby encouraging consumer voice, facilitating service recovery, and, ultimately, retaining the organ isation’s reputation and its consumers. Our paper contributes to the consumer behaviour domain by adding to the underdeveloped literature on consumer complaints, consumer recovery perceptions, and service guarantees in the SST context, in addition to bringing these independent streams of literature together. As SST recovery in practice is reported to be deficient from the consumer perspective, further exploration of this topic is warranted. The remainder of this paper justifies a conceptual framework that describes how guarantees applied to different types of SSTs can encourage consumers to voice following failure and enable organisations to provide just recovery for consumers. We close with theoretical contributions, managerial implications, and an agenda for  future research. developing our propositions, we apply the SST classification schemes developed by Dabholkar (1994) and Meuter et al. (2000) in respect to technology type, purpose, and location. These schemes will be used to highlight the SST contexts that best fit the application of guarantees, which is beyond Internet SSTs. There are two key types of guarantees commonly offered in interpersonal services, unconditional and attributespecific, that also appear to be relevant in the SST setting. An unconditional guarantee covers the core service offering, and consumers are free to invoke it whenever they are dissatisfied (Wirtz et al., 2000). The attribute-specific guarantee is narrower in breadth, covering either a single or multiple service attributes (Van Looy et al., 2003). It is directed to areas within an organisation where consumers perceive that the guarantee adds value (Hart et al., 1992). The attribute-specific guarantee is the type most common in interpersonal services (Van Looy et al., 2003 ). Our review revealed that this also applies to SSTs. For example, Hertz car rental offers its consumers online check-in for rentals. It guarantees that online check-in enables consumers to pick up a rental vehicle within 10 minutes or less. If it fails to fulfil this specific promise, consumers are credited $50. In another example, match.com, an online dating service, guarantees via its ‘Make Love Happen Guarantee’, that if consumers do not find someone special in six months of using its site, it will provide them with six months free service. In the interpersonal service context, consumers have been found to prefer attribute-specific guarantees when they consider invoking the guarantee, ‘. . . probably for their clarity and manifest nature’ (McDougall et al., 1998: 289). We further argue that in the SST context, generally devoid of service personnel and, therefore, with reduced opportunities for consumer monitoring, the clarity of an attribute-specific guara ntee is less likely to attract consumer abuse (McCollough and Gremler, 2004). Therefore, we advocate and assume for the remainder of this paper an attribute-specific guarantee. This can cover multiple SST attributes, which is referred to as a multiple attribute-specific guarantee. For example, BestPrintingOnline.com, an online printing service, guarantees both the quality of its product and on-time  delivery. This type of guarantee provides consumers with the opportunity to complain about several SST problems via guarantee invocation (Bjà ¶rlin-Lidà ©n and Skà ¥là ©n, 2003). In the context of service recovery, the examination of service guarantees has been scarce, and the use of service guarantees in the SST context has not been examined before. This is confirmed by Hogreve and Gremler (2009) in their review of the past 20years of service guarantee research. To begin to address these gaps, our paper conceptualises the role of service guarantees in the SST failure and recovery context from the consumer perspective. We consider different types of SSTs in developing our propositions. We argue that SST guarantees encourage consumers to voice their complaints via guarantee invocation in the absence of service personnel. In line with the call for research examining the justice dimensions (i.e., distributive, procedural, and interactional justice) of service recovery in the SST context (Forbes et al., 2005), we propose that SST Copyright  © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The conceptual framework proposed (see Figure 1) is grounded in the theory pertaining to service guarantees, consumer voice, attribution theory, and justice theory. In justifying the framework, the distinctive characteristics of the SST context were considered, including the requirement of consumer co-production that is independent of service personnel, a lack of interpersonal interaction with service personnel, and consumers being obliged to interface and interact with technology (Robertson and Shaw, 2009). When studying SSTs, it is important to distinguish meaningfully between their types (Meuter et al., 2000). In terms of categorising SSTs, two key classification schemes can be drawn. The most cited classification scheme is that proposed by Dabholkar (1994). Her classification scheme considers the following variables: (i) who delivers the service (degree and level of consumer participation); (ii) where the service is delivered (location of the SST, i.e. remote, such as IVR or onsite, such as kiosks); and (iii) how the service is delivered (technology type, i.e. Internet and non-Internet, such as kiosks and IVR). More recently, Meuter et al. (2000) proposed a similar classification of SSTs. As per Dabholkar’s (1994) scheme, they included the different types of technologies that organisations use to interface with consumers (i.e.,  Internet and non-Internet) and the purpose of the technology from the viewpoint of consumers, that is, what consumers accomplish from using the technology (i.e., transactions and/or customer service).